How can I optimize the performance of my Appian application?

Some key performance optimization techniques include minimizing database queries, caching data, and leveraging Appian's asynchronous processing capabilities.

Use only the essential components and keep the interface and process model simple. Enter less data and apply filters to reduce database queries,Use Appian’s caching for frequent data access.----For large lists, use spreadsheets to reduce loading time.--- Wherever possible, use a parallel gateway in processes.---Only load components when necessary.--- Perform regular load tests and use the Appian health check tool.---- Keep up to date with Appian’s design and development guidelines.

Is this an academic question or a real use case?

You can go through multiple documentation available by Appian on this topic. 

Here is one of them - docs.appian.com/.../monitoring-applications.html

There's a new article published by Appian focusing on improving performances of Interfaces, using it's best practices.

https://docs.appian.com/suite/help/24.1/interface-performance.html

There's also an designer performance view to see the detailed performance info of the expression. For Records we have Performance tab in "Monitoring".

Alternatively we use Health Checks and logs in our organization to track user focused performance enhancement.

We have Admin console's Rule Performance Page to get info for each rule. Sort by max time taken

You can also refer to the below checklist for improving the performance of appian application
 Application Monitoring Checklist