Record Restriction to Role/Group Authority

One method I've used before is to create an "in" default filter with the functions provided by the "People Functions" Shared Component. It can perform slowly if the user is in a lot of groups or if the environment has a lot of groups and doesn't use group Types.
The field would be the group Id as captured in the data, the operator would be "in", and the value would be getgroupsformemberuser(loggedInUser())

There is something which is coming up similarly like this in 17.2 which shows that the record can be given the respective securities, may be if you are on cloud you will be getting it soon. please refer to the webinar video if needed. thanks :)

Are there any out of the box functions? I want to investigate all available options before importing a new share component.

If the default filters doesn't satisfy all your filter requirements, use service/express based record. The rest can be configurations as usual, related actions etc. Service backed record is little more involved but it makes it Records super powerful. Please review the documentation: docs.appian.com/.../Service-Backed_Record_Tutorial.html