You can't do this with a!startProcessLink(), but you can do it with a!startProcess() (for an unattended process flow).
As far as I've ever seen, the data flow into "startProcessLink" is one-way only. That's primarily because the usage pattern is that the link takes you *away from* your original interface, and when the process is done, that interface is loaded again from scratch.
This is different from a!startProcess(), which starts an asynchronous process instance but allows you to stay on your present interface with all values and variables in-tact.